Governments around the world are pursuing more stringent emission control regulations to continually improve air quality in urban areas. The European Union, for example, since 1 September 2017, has required Real Driving Emissions (RDE) tests measuring emissions in real-world traffic and no longer merely on test benches. China on the other hand is planning to establish fixed quotas for electric vehicles with zero local emissions.
“The technologies needed to meet these requirements are available,” said Prof. Peter Gutzmer, Schaeffler’s Chief Technology Officer. “We already have several production orders for our very compact and powerful electric drive systems.” At the same time, Gutzmer pointed out the need to design future internal combustion engines for even greater efficiency and lower emissions.
Looking forward, Schaeffler anticipates electrified powertrains for vehicles to continually increase over the next few years. By 2030, as much as 30 per cent of all newly produced cars could be using all-electric traction systems, according to a recently proposed scenario. In that case, only 30 per cent would exclusively be equipped with an internal combustion engine and 40 per cent would have a hybrid powertrain. “Even in this extreme scenario, two in three new vehicles would still have an IC engine on board,” states Gutzmer. “Consequently, we have to do everything within our means to further reduce the emissions of internal combustion engines.”
“Reducing emissions after a cold start is particularly important. When the engine oil and transmission fluid are still cold at the beginning of a journey, friction in these units increases considerably,” explains Prof. Peter Pleus, CEO Automotive at Schaeffler: “And, as a result, so do fuel consumption and, indirectly, harmful emissions.”
The second-generation thermal management module presented by Schaeffler at the IAA motor show, and now making its debut in volume production, offers a solution to this issue. This module controls the cooling circuits of the engine, the transmission and additional electric drive units, if applicable, plus that of the battery. At the beginning of the warm-up phase, all cooling circuits can be completely shut off to enable accelerated heating of the individual systems. The circuits managed by the module can be systematically controlled, depending on operating conditions and heat requirements in the vehicle’s cabin. The actuators used in the thermal management module influence the functionality and service life of the engine too. Schaeffler has developed a modular kit here that is tailored to the respective requirements. Measurements have shown that the utilisation of a thermal management module enables it to achieve up to three per cent improved fuel economy even in the New European Drive Cycle (NEDC) test – and even more following a cold start at low outdoor temperatures.
“The dynamic timing of the engine’s valves is another important influencing variable,” says Prof. Peter Pleus. The reason is that a major portion of the total emissions is produced in acceleration phases. Engine designers can effectively counter this by short-term adjustment of the opening and closing times of the intake valves through which air and recirculated exhaust gas flow into the cylinder. To enable fast adjustment even in dynamic driving modes, Schaeffler has developed an electric camshaft adjuster and successfully introduced it into volume production.
“Using electromechanical technology, it is now possible to adjust the camshaft at a crankshaft angular velocity of 600 to 800 degrees per second,” explains Prof. Pleus. “And this adjustment is even possible in the opposite direction of the engine’s rotation.” The hydraulic systems that have been widely used so far are slower by a factor of two to ten, depending on engine speed and temperature.”
Greater variability, less consumption and lower emissions: these advantages are also provided by systems that shut off one or more cylinders in low-load driving conditions. As a result, the cylinders that remain active operate in a more efficient load range. The hydraulic-switchable valve tappet developed by Schaeffler allows individual cylinders to be deactivated. In 2018, the first three-cylinder engine using such a system from Schaeffler will go into production. A dual-mass flywheel with an integrated pendulum-type absorber – another product developed by Schaeffler – prevents negative effects by the temporary two-cylinder operation on NVH (acoustics, vibration and harshness) performance.
Considerable improvements are possible by electrification of conventional powertrains, a 48-Volt system being a relatively low-cost solution. In current production vehicles, this system, instead of a starter-generator, is connected to the crankshaft of the internal combustion engine via a belt. For future vehicle generations, Schaeffler also offers the integration of the 48-Volt electric motor into the engine-transmission unit and into the axle. Provided that an electric motor with the requisite power output and a battery with sufficient capacity are used, solutions such as this even make “active coasting” possible at higher speeds – the vehicle maintaining its speed in spite of the IC engine being shut off. In addition to enabling considerable reductions in fuel consumption to be achieved, the energy generated in deceleration phases can be recuperated more effectively. For example, the electric power gained as a result may be used to operate an electrically heatable catalytic converter and to thus achieve emission levels far below current legal limits.
A plug-in hybrid powertrain enables even greater savings in fuel consumption due to driving with local zero emissions across longer distances. For more than ten years, Schaeffler has been working on the central element of such a powertrain: the high-voltage hybrid module. As far back as 2010, Schaeffler delivered major components for such a propulsion system. Now production of the next generation of the hybrid module that will enable the transfer of very high torques of up to 800Nm is about to be launched. A patented branching of the power flow within the module makes it possible to transfer such high torques. In addition, the hybrid module can be combined with the converter in automatic transmissions so that even vehicles with very large mass – such as car-trailer combinations commonly used in the North American market – can comfortably pull off from rest.
Particularly suitable for battery-electric vehicles are traction systems that are integrated into the axle or even into the wheels. While the electric wheel hub motor is still a pre-development topic, volume production of the electric axle from Schaeffler is imminent. Currently, the supplier’s engineers are working on four production projects in parallel.
“At the moment, nobody can tell how soon electric vehicles will become widely accepted in the marketplace,” says Chief Technology Officer Gutzmer. “Although it is clear that the entire automotive industry is on the road towards zero-emissions mobility. We intend to support this trend with technologies that are ready for production.”
Schaeffler is developing solutions for low-emission and locally zero-emissions driving, which are helping to significantly reduce air pollution in urban areas and greenhouse gas emissions from road transportation.
About Schaeffler
The Schaeffler Group is a global automotive and industrial supplier. Top quality, outstanding technology, and exceptionally innovative spirit form the basis for the continued success of the company. By delivering high-precision components and systems in engine, transmission, and chassis applications, as well as rolling and plain bearing solutions for a large number of industrial applications, the Schaeffler Group is already shaping “Mobility for tomorrow” to a significant degree. The technology company generated sales of approximately EUR 13.3 billion in 2016. With around 89,400 employees, Schaeffler is one of the world’s largest companies in family ownership. It has a worldwide network of manufacturing locations, research and development facilities, and sales companies at approximately 170 locations in over 50 countries.
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